Jo Dec 24, 2025
Industrially, direct reduction of iron oxides is a strong endothermic reaction, so only the temperatures above 1 000 to 1 100℃ enable reduction reactions to proceed at a rapid rate.
However, it is thermodynamically impossible to industrially enforce the reduction process by solid carbon since the temperature does not rise to 1 100℃ in the sponge iron manufacturing process and to more than 1 350℃ in the case of granulated iron. In other words, if the feed is not mixed evenly, CO gas will not participate in the reduction reaction but will be gone. In addition, the CO2 produced by indirect reduction is not modified to CO, so the carbon required by the sponge iron manufacturing process is two to three times more than the theoretical amount.
Therefore, making coal composite iron ore with fine iron concentrate and coal powder to produce reduced iron can further improve the reduction reaction characteristics of iron oxide and reduce coal consumption.
Ro Myong Su, a researcher at the Faculty of Metallic Engineering, has investigated the characteristics of direct reduction reactions by solid carbon and decided the optimum reduction conditions of the coal composite iron ore—the main materials in a new smelting reduction iron-making furnace.
Firstly, he conducted a softening test to choose the optimum agglomerant. Secondly, he investigated the effect of factors on the reduction characteristics of coal composite iron ore by the mass flop-out method, and decided the optimum reduction conditions.
The results show that the optimum reduction conditions for more than 80% of the reduction ratio in the case of direct reduction of coal composite iron ore by solid carbon are as follows: temperature 1 250℃, carbon-containing ratio 1 and its size 30mm.
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Jo Dec 23, 2025
Copper (Cu) is widely used as electrical contact materials because of its relatively low electrical wear and low cost compared to metallic materials such as silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and cadmium (Cd). However, the electrical and mechanical properties of copper are not good compared to other metal contacts.
The working conditions of contact materials require thermal, electrical, mechanical and chemical properties to be excellent. It is because when capacitive and inductive loads are switched on and off, the temperature of contact generated at the contact surface is high, with a large number of switches and high contact pressure, and they work under the conditions of electrical wear and mechanical wear caused by arc discharges. The electrical and mechanical properties are not negligible in contact materials.
Several methods have been applied to improve the properties of contact materials. Recently, worldwide research on carbon nanotubes (CNT) has been active and the range of their application has been extended. CNTs have been widely used as reinforcement materials for metal matrix composites because of their good mechanical, physicochemical and electrical properties.
The tensile strength of CNT is 50-200GPa and its modulus of elasticity is about 1TPa. When carbon nanotubes are added to copper matrix, the tensile and flexural strength of carbon nanotube reinforced copper matrix composites increases by over 20% compared to pure copper. In addition, carbon nanotubes can be either conductors or semiconductors depending on what angle the hexagonal ring takes on the tube wall. In the case of conductors, the electrical transport capacity of carbon nanotubes is 1×109A/cm2, which is 1 000 times higher than that of copper wires.
This indicates that carbon nanotubes can be incorporated into metal matrix to enhance the mechanical and electrical properties of metal matrix composites. The addition of carbon nanotubes, excellent carbon nanomaterial, is the best way to realize the refinement of the matrix microstructure. Carbon nanotubes are placed at the boundary of the matrix microstructure and hinder grain growth, and thus grain refinement has a positive effect on both strength and toughness.
Nevertheless, the content of carbon nanotubes should not be too high. Because of the large surface area of carbon nanotubes, carbon nanotubes with relatively large surface activation energy are easily aggregated and negatively affect the microstructure and properties of metal matrix.
Jon Song Won, a researcher at the Faculty of Material Science and Technology, investigated the effect of carbon nanotubes on the properties and texture of contact carbon nanotube reinforced copper matrix composites prepared by direct addition of carbon nanotubes by blocking them in molten state.
When the CNT content was 2.0vol.%, the grain size of the CNT-reinforced Cu matrix composites was 21-23μm, and grain refinement was observed in their microstructure. However, no change in size, distribution and shape of inclusions was observed. The electrical and mechanical properties of carbon nanotube reinforced copper matrix composites are as follows: Tensile strength is 315MPa, elongation is 12%, hardness is HB 80 and electrical resistivity is 0.017 3μΩ·m.
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Jo Dec 22, 2025
Gears, major components for power and motion, are widely used in industries like automotive, aerospace, ship, power, mining, etc.
Gears are subject to external forces during motion and power transfer for their working characteristics, which causes bending stresses at their teeth roots and contact stresses on their contact parts. The teeth wear by sliding friction at the contact parts. In addition, improper gear meshing causes impact. Common failures in gears include wear and scratches, pitting corrosion, abrasive wear and teeth breakage by flexural fatigue and impact fatigue.
In order to improve the mechanical properties of gear steel, alloying elements such as niobium, titanium, boron, rare earths and vanadium are microalloyed.
Jong Chung Bing, a researcher at the Faculty of Material Science and Technology, has investigated the effect of the complex microalloying of boron and RE elements on the mechanical properties of low C-Mn steel in order to achieve high performance of gear steel without the need for import-dependent chromium.
As a result, he has found that when the chemical composition of steel is C 0.23-0.27%, Mn 1.1-1.3%, Si 0.2-0.45%, P and S less than 0.03%, B 0.001-0.004% and RE 0.025-0.05%, the mechanical properties of this steel quenched and tempered at low temperature are tensile strength 1 100-1 300MPa, elongation 9-15% and impact value 90-130J/cm2, which means it meets the technical requirements of steel for gears.
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Jo Dec 21, 2025
In system reliability analyses, computation of rare (failure) event probability is a main task. In most cases, the numerical model of a rare event is nonlinear and the resulting failure domain is often multimodal.
One strategy for estimating failure probability is the importance sampling (IS) method. The efficiency of IS depends on the choice of IS density.
With the focus on the sequential importance sampling, Kim Sang Rim, a researcher at the Faculty of Applied Mathematics, has investigated the improvement of its initial density.
First, he reviewed the sequential importance sampling (SIS). Then, he newly found the approximate optimal IS density using the scaling density. On this basis, he proposed a technique for estimating target failure probability by IS.
The numerical simulation showed that the proposed method seems to be appropriate to the problems for estimating probability lower than 10-6.
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Jo Dec 19, 2025
The Ripsok Formation, which dates back to Pennsylvanian age, is one of the most typical transitional zones in Kangso-Samdung synclinorium.
Studies of the Ripsok Formation have focused mainly on lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and palaeontology; and detailed sedimentological research and study of microfacies are still needed.
Kim Myong Hak, a section head at the Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, investigated the microfacies and sedimentary environment of the Ripsok Formation in the Sungho area.
In the study area, the Ripsok Formation was subdivided into 2 microfacies that are characterized by petrographic analysis based on their depositional textures and fauna. In addition, one major depositional environment was identified in the Ripsok Formation. This is a shelf lagoon, which was interpreted as a transition zone separating the platform from the open ocean.
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Jo Dec 18, 2025
A vertical electrode is one of the most widely-used electrodes to construct a grounding device. As an increase in the length of a vertical electrode leads current into deeper soil, it is possible to effectively reduce grounding resistance. In practice, however, the length of a vertical electrode is limited to below a certain threshold according to working conditions.
When the soil resistivity is high, it is difficult to provide a reference grounding resistance with a vertical electrode, in which case a composite grounding device with multiple vertical electrodes interconnected with one horizontal grounding body is used. The composite grounding device is one of the grounding devices that have been widely applied to today’s grounding equipment construction. Therefore, obtaining a mathematical model for the grounding resistance of a composite grounding device is an essential issue in the design of a grounding system using it.
In the past, many studies on composite grounding devices have been carried out, and only one-sided problems have been dealt with, such as individual vertical and horizontal grounding resistances, shielding effect between them when multiple vertical electrodes are connected in parallel, and adoption of the utility coefficient to the mathematical model of the grounding resistance of the composite grounding device, etc. However, a complete mathematical model of the grounding resistance of a composite grounding device has not been obtained.
Kim Tae Song, a researcher at the Faculty of Electronics, has obtained a mathematical model that accurately reflects the logical relationship between the ratio of the distance between vertical electrodes to the electrode length and the grounding resistance of a composite grounding device, and verified its validity through computer simulations and field measurements in soil conditions with different resistivity.
The proposed mathematical model comprehensively reflects the influence of factors on the grounding resistance of composite grounding devices and it can be effectively used in the design of composite grounding devices using multiple vertical electrodes.
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